Copied from Raspberry pi Org site:
These are
some notes for how to mount a Raspberry Pi disk image, and use
qemu-user-static to modify the image. For this example, I will show Raspbian but can be used/modified in general for any SBC or Raspberry Pi image.
Overview
We'll mount the disk image, chroot in to it, then use QemuUserEmulation to update the image and execute the ARM code.
Set up Host
Install the qemu-user-static and binfmt-support packages.
apt-get install qemu qemu-user-static binfmt-support
"[qemu-user-static]
provides the user mode emulation binaries, built statically. In this
mode QEMU can launch Linux processes compiled for one CPU on another
CPU... If binfmt-support package is installed, qemu-user-static package
will register binary formats which the provided emulators can handle, so
that it will be possible to run foreign binaries directly."
After installed, you can check your ability to emulate the binary formats by checking for ARM support by executing:
update-binfmts --display
Get and mount the image
Download the latest raspbian image
For example, from the Raspberry Pi Foundation
mkdir ~/rpi_image cd ~/rpi_image wget https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspbian/images/raspbian-2015-11-24/2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.zip
Inflate the image (e.g., 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img)
unzip 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.zip rm 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.zip
Resize the image
After unzipping, you may want to increase the size of the disk image so it is more useful.
First check out your disk image:
$ fdisk -lu 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img Disk 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img: 3.1 GiB, 3276800000 bytes, 6400000 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0xa6202af7 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img1 8192 122879 114688 56M c W95 FAT32 (L 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img2 122880 6399999 6277120 3G 83 Linux
The
first partition is boot (kernel and binary blobs), the second is the
filesystem. So we want to add space to the disk image, then expand that
second partition.
Add space to the image (this example adds 1G):
dd if=/dev/zero bs=1M count=1024 >> 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img
Make a couple of loopback devices for the whole image and its partitions:
losetup -f -P --show 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img
This should set up /dev/loop0 as the whole image and /dev/loop0p2 as the partition we're expanding
Now
/dev/loop0 is the whole partition, /dev/loop0p2 is what we want to
expand. In parted, remove the second partition, resize it to be the full
size of /dev/loop0:
$ sudo parted /dev/loop0 GNU Parted 3.2 Using /dev/loop0 Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted) print Model: Loopback device (loopback) Disk /dev/loop0: 4351MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Disk Flags: Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 4194kB 62.9MB 58.7MB primary fat16 lba 2 62.9MB 3277MB 3214MB primary ext4 (parted) rm 2 (parted) mkpart primary 62.9 4351 (parted) print Model: Loopback device (loopback) Disk /dev/loop0: 4351MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Disk Flags: Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 4194kB 62.9MB 58.7MB primary fat16 lba 2 62.9MB 4351MB 4288MB primary lba
Next, check and resize the new partition:
$ e2fsck -f /dev/loop0p2 e2fsck 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/loop2: 86233/261632 files (0.1% non-contiguous), 634636/1046784 blocks $ resize2fs /dev/loop0p2 resize2fs 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/loop2 to 1046784 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/loop2 is now 1046784 (4k) blocks long.
And you can check that it worked, it's 1 GB larger!
parted /dev/loop0 GNU Parted 3.2 Using /dev/loop0 Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted) print Model: Loopback device (loopback) Disk /dev/loop0: 4351MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Disk Flags: Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 4194kB 62.9MB 58.7MB primary fat16 lba 2 62.9MB 4351MB 4288MB primary ext4
Finally, you can clean up the loopback devices:
$ losetup -d /dev/loop0
Mount the image
With root permissions:
mkdir ~/rpi_mnt losetup --show 2015-11-21-raspbian-jessie.img mount /dev/loop0p2 -o rw ~/rpi_mnt
OPTIONAL: If you want to mount the raspbian /boot
mount /dev/loop0p1 -o rw ~/rpi_mnt/boot
and you can also:
cd ~/rpi_mnt mount --bind /dev dev/ mount --bind /sys sys/ mount --bind /proc proc/ mount --bind /dev/pts dev/pts
(not necessary/advised if you use systemd-nspawn)
One thing to fix...
To get
everything work (e.g., network) you need to comment out everything in
~/rpi_mnt/etc/ld.so.preload before chrooting in. Take care of that now!
chroot in to the image
First, you
need to make sure binfmt-support will be able to execute your code once
you change your root filesystem. So you'll have to copy your QemuUserEmulation binary to the chroot
cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static ~/rpi_mnt/usr/bin
(note, it's the same binary that you see when you do binfmt-support --display and look at the entry for ARM)
Now chroot in!
cd ~/rpi_mnt chroot . bin/bash
If you use systemd, best practice to use systemd-nspawn:
systemd-nspawn -D ~/rpi_mnt bin/bash
because it does a better job of isolating the chroot environment from your host system.
Success!
$ uname -a Linux HOSTNAME 3.19.0-21-generic #21-Ubuntu SMP Sun Jun 14 18:31:11 UTC 2015 armv7l GNU/Linux
Use it!
Play around!
Remove Desktop Environment
For example, make it a slim server:
apt-get remove --dry-run --auto-remove --purge libx11-.*
Make sure the package list is sane, then run again without "--dry-run"
Upgrade to New Release
Upgrade to
newer release (e.g., jessie, stretch, whatever is testing at the
moment). You probably should have /boot mounted, as the kernel may be
updated as well
sed -i 's/wheezy/jessie/g' /etc/apt/sources.list #ALSO CHECK ALL FILES IN /etc/apt/sources.list.d TO SEE IF THEY NEED TO BE UPDATED apt-get update apt-get dist-upgrade -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confold"
You
most likely will want to keep the edited configuration files when given
the option to keep the current or go with the maintainer's. I don't
think Raspbian has gone through the effort to merge their changes yet.
Cleaning up
If you want to flash this to an SD card, remember to clean up
- uncomment /etc/ld.so.preload
- exit the chroot (e.g., type "exit")
- unmount all that was mounted
umount ~/rpi_mnt/dev umount ~/rpi_mnt/sys umount ~/rpi_mnt/proc umount ~/rpi_mnt/dev/pts umount ~/rpi_mnt/boot umount ~/rpi_mnt
- your image is still in ~/rpi_image and ready to be flashed!
